Clean Food Health

Clean Food Health The issues surrounding the laws of clean and unclean food have been heavily debated within the Judea/Christian circles for a long period of time. ‘Why should God be concerned about what we eat? The purpose of my research is to attempt to understand why these laws were set within the Old Testament and to compare and contrast different scholarly approaches to this very interesting topic. Many have reviewed the dietary laws within Leviticus and Deuteronomy, questioning whether they were relevant to a certain nations? For example, Israel, tending to lean to an opinion that the laws were set within the Old Testament, and were obsolete at the point of the New Testament? Some argue that these laws are still applicable today whilst others oppose and question there relevance in todays society. My aim and methodology is to review the primary sources available within this area found in the Old Testament and review the evidence that supports the rationale behind these dietary laws. I will attempt to analyse and compare the evidence taken by selected scholars from various backgrounds, such as, anthropologists, ministers and professors, all who have credible background to share on this topic. I have grouped their views into the following three categories; Health/Hygiene, Symbolic/Holiness and Ritual Purification. The word unclean is defined as ‘dirty, immoral, unchaste to be clean would imply the opposite definition. When we look closely and analyse the term clean and unclean within the Old Testament Bible, scholars have varied meanings and approaches to this law. Health/Hygiene Health ‘is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity When we apply good health our bodies are naturally in good shape. Health and Hygiene are closely linked and go hand in hand together. ‘Hygiene is the maintenance of health and healthy living. Covering many areas such as diet, personal, domestic, public and mental cleanliness. The following scholars support the view that health and hygiene has a significant role within the dietary laws, Jacob Milgrom, RK Harrison, and John Brunt. All have commented in particular to the Pig, with a view that this animal carries a disease known as Trichinosis. Trichinosis is a parasite worm that lives in the flesh of pig meat, and is passed on when pig flesh is under cooked, and can grow into a considerable size within the intestine. The Hare carries tularaemia which is an acute infection resembling the plague, but not as severe. Scavenger birds, known as Carrion birds also carry disease, and fish with out scales and fins attract disease because they search for food in the mud. Milgrom argues that a camel is a forbidden animal to eat according to the dietary laws ‘yet there is no evidence to support that this animal poses a threat to health or is unhygienic. He also argues why just animals have been prohibited, as there are poisonous plants that are unhygienic and can be very harmful to the health of a human if eaten. This point highlights a weakness in the dietary laws. Harrison argues that ‘the separation of clean from unclean meats should not be taken to imply that the true ruminants are completely free from parasitic organisms. Harrison also uses further examples with regard to the Ox, which is a clean animal, but is also prone to transmit parasites. Brunt argues that ‘we accept aspects of the teachings concerning what to eat, but do not follow through, for example when we touch an unclean insect we should wash our clothes. Symbolic/Holiness Symbolism ‘is the systematic or creative use of arbitrary symbols as abstracted representations of concepts or objects and the distinct relationships in between, as they define both context and the narrower definition of terms. Holiness is ‘the state of being holy, that is, set apart for the worship or service of God or gods. It is most usually ascribed to people, but can be and often is ascribed to objects, times, or places. The following scholars support the view that symbolic and holiness has a significant role within the dietary laws, Jacob Milgrom, G J Wenham, Gerald F Hasel and Lester L Grabbe. The observance of the dietary laws could be seen as symbolic. Gods people have been set aside from the other nations to be an example, by observing dietary laws. This would mean that here would be a clear distinction between the Israelites and the other nations. Milgrom states that ‘the diet laws have been implied by the concept of holiness. Wenham makes it very clear that ‘the diet laws were given in a specific situation to a specific situation to a specific period, they are part of the blueprint for making the people of Israel holyHasel refers to the observance of dietary laws ‘it is a holy people that continues to make a distinction between the clean animal and unclean. Grabbe states that ‘the dietary regulations had both a practical and symbolic function, symbolically they stood for the fact that Israel was to keep itself free from intercourse with non- Israelites. Ritual Purification This is that ‘the aim of these rituals is to remove uncleanliness, which may be real or symbolic. Most of these rituals were created long before the germ theory of disease. Some religions have special treatment of particular body fluids such as semen and menses which are viewed as particularly unclean. Ritual purity during this period was an essential part of life to the people of Israel. This prepared each individual to ensure that they were clean before they entered into the sanctuary to worship God. The following scholars support the view that ritual purification has a significant role within the dietary laws, Mary Douglas, John E Hartley, and John Brunt Douglass states that ‘the impurity of an animal kind is part of the technical meaning of ritual purity. Douglass also adds ‘ritual impurity imposes Gods order on his creation Hartley states that ‘the main purpose for the purity instructions was to keep the Israelites separate from the neighbouring nations in order to promote Gods call for Israel to be a holy nation.Brunt states that ‘the New Testament rejects the distinction between clean and unclean, it is not speaking to the issue of health, it is rather addressing problems that were live issues in the 1st century, problems of ritualism and exclusivism. Brunt argues that ‘for the Christian, all things are clean, true spirituality is a matter of the heart, not of ritualistic externals. Conclusion The dietary laws debate will continue for many more years. However I have found this research very refreshing to review approaches of this topic from scholars who are not Seventh Day Adventists, from various backgrounds. We can see from the categories where some scholars hold or share the same view and differ from each others in different areas. The most common theme that came out within the dietary laws and findings in most of the scholars approaches was the point regarding the eating of pork. Most appear to agree on the fact that this animal is prone to parasites, and depending on the way the meat is prepared it will be good for consumption. This point came across very strongly among many of the arguments, arguing that even if the meat is heated well, it still does not rid the parasites and others oppose. In November 2005, The National Geographic produced a documentary on longevity and featured an island in Okinawa, with the longest living people in the world, who accredited this to a soup dish made of pork skin which was boiled at a high temperature in preparation. Based on this finding, we can see that if meat is prepared well it can aid our health, although there may be additional factors that aid to their long life. The dietary laws in the Old Testament would appear to specifically be relating to Israel Gods chosen people, whether they are still relevant to modern day is a matter worth deeper research. The New Testament appears to have abolished the laws of ritual purity, Jesus reached out to all nations, Jews and Gentiles removing all barriers, and we find instances of this throughout the whole of the New Testament. This is something that I would like to research more in the future.

The Prostitution Industry Essay -- Prostitutes Sexual Services Sex Ess

The Prostitution Industry A prostitute is defined by the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as â€Å"a person who offers herself / himself for sexual intercourse for money.† Legally, prostitution is the sale of sexual services. The services may consist of any sexual acts, including those which do not involve copulation. While payment may be any nonsexual consideration, most commonly it is in the form of money. In what seems to be a world historical pattern, an upsurge in prostitution followed the effects of urbanization and wage labor. In Africa and Latin America this trend was heightened by industrial development, which greatly accelerated extensive displacement of people from traditional kinship ties. Women often supplemented their low wages with occasional prostitution, or, in the absence of employment, turned to prostitution as full-time work. Although a persistent phenomenon throughout human history, it remains difficult to view prostitution in an objective light as various cultures have alternately tried to ban it on religious or moralistic grounds, or stigmatize it under a â€Å"don’t-ask-don’t-tell† sort of veneer which was a barely-tolerated but necessary evil of society. It is interesting to note that despite an increasingly secularized attitude towards sexual relationships, as seen in society’s increasing tolerance of homosexuality or pre-marital sex, prostitution retains much of its social stigma. TYPES OF PROSTITUTION Street prostitution is the most common form of prostitution. It occurs when the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners or walking alongside a street usually dressed in skimpy, suggestive clothing. This can be seen on Koinage Street in Nairobi. A variation of this is where prostitution is more open and solicitation is done at bars. Examples of this in Kenya can be seen at Florida 2000, Modern Green on Latema Road and Sabina Joy Bar and restaurant. Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution and are usually confined to red-light districts in big cities. The clients usually go to these brothels to get sexual services. Escort or out-call prostitution often shelters under the umbrella of escort agencies, who supply attractive escorts for social occasions. In this form of prostitution the customer calls/contacts an agency and the act takes place at the client’s... ... who enter into prostitution. The prostitutes who enter the profession as a means of survival sometimes have no other option. But, if they have access to funds from micro-finance institutions, they may be able to start up small businesses to sustain their livelihood. REFERENCES †¢ Ferrell et al. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, 6th Ed. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2005) †¢ Snow Joyce, The Prostitute’s Collective of Victoria. The Age, 28th Feb. 1999 †¢ Brothel Boom: The Asian Connection, Sydney. Morning Herald, 31st Aug. 1999 †¢ Liberator, Mark (Dec 21st 2004). Legalized Prostitution: Regulating the Oldest Profession. Available at: http://www.liberator.net/articles/prostitution.html †¢ Laubenfels de, John (Aug 20th 2002). Defending Prostitution. Available at: http://www.strike-the-root.com/columns/deLaubenfels/delaubenfels25.html †¢ The Economist (Sep 2nd 2004). Sex is their Business. Available at: http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3151258 †¢ Karuoya Njoki, The Nation, 18th Dec., 1999 †¢ Davis Karin, Associated Press, 18th Nov. 1997 †¢ Kwamechetsi Makokha, The Nation, 20th Oct. 2000

Developing management skills Essay

By reading the Southfield Case, one can quickly realize that there is definitely lack of direct communication and goal expectations between both Mark Sanders, Vp of account services and Frank Belby, Reginald manager. I believe, there was a lack of supportive communication between Mark and Frank since in the case it was mentioned that Belby viewed professional guidance from Sanders as threatening and it usually caused Belby to distance himself from Frank, which it negatively resulted production. Based on the reading of chapter four of Developing Management Skills, there is a fine line between coaching and counseling and it is extremely challenging for managers to effectively perform both and in the same time make sure that they are not directly ignoring the other persons feelings and confidence. When Frank needed professional advice or when professional criticism was required, instead he mostly got coaching instead of counseling, which resulted in the distance relationship between them, which frank interpreted as a criticism attack on his character. Furthermore, we also learn that in one incident Mark had intervened in a problematic situation between Frank and one of his customers and was able to save that clients contract. By not allowing Frank to resolve the situation, Mark is stretching his duties far too thin and does not allow other employees to delegate effectively, which results in low productivity over all. Based on chapter four readings, the best relationships are based on congruence, which one cannot really find between Mark and Frank’s relationship. Frank is not being clear about his expectations from Mark. It was mentioned in the case that Frank didn’t get the promotion partially because he never directly communicated to frank that he wanted the promotion.

The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights, Article 11,

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11, states: Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.† This is not the case for Tom Robinson. In Maycomb, we see a town divided. Most townsfolk cannot fathom the idea that Maycomb’s black residents are equal to its white ones. But others - Atticus, Miss Maudie, Judge Taylor - treat everyone equally, with respect, kindness, and reason. Yet it is not through these characters that we see Tom Robinson’s trial. We watch from the balcony through the eyes of the children - Scout, Jem, and Dill. We see them learn the law and the unwritten rules†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"African Americans could not play professional sports with white teammates or serve in the armed forces with white soldiers. Black children were educated in separate schools. Black barbers coul dn t wait on white female clients, and white female nurses couldn t attend to black male patients.† Not every law applied in every state, but the Jim Crow laws were demoralizing and far reaching, all in the name of protecting white culture and power. Atticus Finch defends Tom because he values equality and justice. He believes that everyone is equal, and, therefore, just because Tom Robinson is black, does not mean that he should not defend him. He says to Scout many times that if he did not defend this man, he could never tell Jem or her (Scout) not to do something. In this case, he is displaying that everyone deserves a chance and that everyone is equal. He is also trying to make the town of Maycomb more accepting of this idea since this is a town of great discrimination. This is the major problem — the town is of great discrimination. Maycomb is in the South, an area widely segregated. 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